Toothed rack and method for producing a toothed rack for a motor vehicle

ABSTRACT

A rack may include a toothed portion having a toothing, and a shaft portion having a threaded portion with a coaxial thread that has a thread length in an axial direction of a longitudinal axis. Separate segments comprising at least one in each case bar-shaped toothed segment and one shaft segment are provided, are aligned on the longitudinal axis, and are connected to one another at a joint. A method for producing the rack may involve providing a shaft raw material piece having a piece length that is a multiple of a shaft segment length, generating a thread that is continuous in a longitudinal direction on the shaft raw material piece across a multiple of the thread length to produce a threaded semi-finished product, cutting to length a threaded segment from the threaded semi-finished product, providing a toothed segment, and joining the threaded segment to the toothed segment.

PRIOR ART

The invention relates to a method for producing a rack for a steeringgear of a motor vehicle, said rack having at least one toothed portionhaving a toothing, and at least one shaft portion having at least onethreaded portion having a coaxial thread which has a thread length inthe axial direction, wherein separate segments comprising at least onein each case bar-shaped toothed segment and one shaft segment areprovided, are aligned on a common longitudinal axis, and are connectedto one another at a joint.

The invention furthermore relates to a rack for a steering gear of amotor vehicle, said rack having at least one toothed portion having atoothing, and at least one shaft portion having a thread.

In a vehicle steering mechanism a steering command as a rotatingmovement is introduced by way of the steering wheel into the steeringshaft, a pinion which meshes with a toothing of a rack in a steeringgear being attached to said steering shaft. The rack is mounted in thesteering gear so as to be displaceable in the axial direction, that isto say in the direction of the longitudinal axis of said rack, such thata rotation of the pinion is converted to a translatory movement of therack in the axial longitudinal direction of the latter. Tie rods whichare connected to the steering knuckles of the wheels to be steered arefastened to the rack, the translatory movement of the rack beingconverted to a steering movement at said wheels.

The rack has at least one toothed portion in which the toothing for theengagement of the pinion across a predefined axial length is configured.In the case of a generic rack at least one shaft portion adjoins thetoothed region in the direction of the longitudinal axis, said shaftportion being configured in a manner similar to the toothed portion soas to be bar-shaped in the longitudinal direction, preferably having acylindrical basic shape and at least one threaded portion. The threadedportion forms a threaded spindle having an external thread which in thelongitudinal direction extends across the thread length. In order for anauxiliary force to assist steering to be coupled in, a spindle nut whichby an auxiliary drive is driveable in a rotating motorized manner aboutthe longitudinal axis is disposed on the threaded portion. On accountthereof, a spindle drive is formed by way of which, in addition to thesteering force that is manually introduced into the toothed portion byway of the pinion, an auxiliary force assisting said manually introducedsteering force is exerted in the longitudinal direction on the rack. Thespindle drive as a widely used construction mode is configured as a ballscrew drive in which the thread turns are configured as race grooves forballs which circulate with low friction between the thread and thespindle nut.

Apart from the threaded portion, the shaft portion can have one or aplurality of further functional portions, for example a bearing portionwhich, for example, can be configured so as to be at least partiallycylindrical, in order for the rack to be mounted in a translatory mannerin the longitudinal direction. Connection elements for connecting to thetie rods, for example threaded pins or the like can in each case beattached to the toothed portion and the shaft portion at the free endsthat face away from one another in the longitudinal direction.

In order to be able to better adapt the material properties to thestresses that arise in operation and in order to optimize the productionfor configuring the functional regions it is known in the prior art forthe toothed portion to be initially configured on a toothed segment andfor the shaft portion having the thread to be provided as a shaftsegment that is separate from said toothed segment. The initiallyseparate segments in terms of the respective functionality thereof canbe designed by way of the choice of material, heat-treatment processes,for example continuous or partial thermal tempering, andprocess-optimized machining methods such as, for example, cold formingor hot forming, milling, grinding, or the like. The toothed segment andthe shaft segment are subsequently coaxially aligned on a commonlongitudinal axis and, at their ends that are directed axially towardone another at the end side, the connecting ends, are connected to oneanother at a joint. This construction mode is therefore also referred toas a constructed rack. The connection of the segments can be carried outby means of connection elements, as described for example in DE 10 2007018 919 A1, or else by substance-to-substance joining methods,preferably by welding, as described in JP2006 46423 A or DE 10 2013 007072 A1. Further segments can optionally be connected to the shaftsegment and/or the toothed segment.

In the production of a constructed rack, the segments, in particular thetoothed segment and the shaft segment, pass in each case through aplurality of processing steps. The production of the threaded portion onthe shaft segment is in particular, relatively complex. To date,portions are initially cut to length from a rod-shaped, preferablycylindrical or tubular shaft raw material, said portions beingindividually further processed in each case. The thread turns of thethreaded portion are cut into the cylindrical raw material by way ofsubtractive methods for each individual shaft segment; the precisionmachining to the surface quality and accuracy that is required for aball screw drive can be achieved by grinding, polishing, or finishing.To date, the cutting of the thread and the grinding, on account of there-clamping and the tooling of the thread-cutting and grinding machinesfor each individual shaft segment, requires a correspondingly complexand time-intensive production process.

Against the background of the set of issues explained above, it is anobject of the present invention to configure the manufacturing processof constructed racks more efficiently, in particular with respect to theprovision of shaft segments with threaded portion. An improved rack islikewise to be provided.

PRESENTATION OF THE INVENTION

The object is achieved by a method according to patent claim 1, and by arack according to patent claim 12. Advantageous refinements are derivedfrom the respective dependent claims.

In order for the abovementioned set of issues to be solved, a methodcomprising the following steps is proposed according to the invention:

-   -   providing a shaft raw material piece having a piece length of a        multiple of the shaft segment length;    -   generating a thread that is continuous in the longitudinal        direction on the shaft raw material piece across a multiple of        the thread length, in order for a threaded semi-finished product        to be produced;    -   cutting-to-length a threaded segment from the threaded        semi-finished product;    -   providing a toothed segment;    -   joining the threaded segment to the toothed segment.

According to the invention the production process for the production ofa constructed rack is optimized in that the thread of the threadedportion, which in the prior art is configured on a shaft segment blankthat is tailored to length, is at least partially configured already onthe shaft raw material in an upstream method step. The shaft rawmaterial herein can in each case be made available as a shaft rawmaterial piece, for example in the form of a long rod of a roundmaterial or profile material, or as a hollow profile in the form of along tubular material, preferably of steel. The axial length of thecylindrical shaft raw material piece is solely determined by theproduction method of the raw material which typically provides machiningprocesses that are continuous in the longitudinal direction, such ascontinuous casting, pressing, rolling, peeling, drawing, and the like.On account thereof, a shaft raw material piece can in principle have anyarbitrary piece length which however in practice, for logistical andhandling reasons, is typically predefined in the magnitude of a fewmeters, for example 2 to 10 meters.

The piece length of a shaft raw material piece of this type is amultiple of the shaft segment length which is defined substantially bythe length of the shaft segment in the axial longitudinal direction,measured from the joint to the free end, and in practice is in mostinstances below one meter, typically being able to be between 0.1 and0.5 meters, for example, depending on the embodiment of the steeringgear.

In the prior art, portions corresponding to the shaft segment length arecut to length from the shaft raw material, the thread of the threadportion being generated on said portions in subsequent production steps,for example by thread cutting and grinding. A high production complexityis created on account of the high requirements for a ball screw drivethread, as has been mentioned.

The production according to the invention of the thread is performedalready on the shaft portion raw material to the specificationspredefined by the respective auxiliary force assistance, such as thethread pitch, the thread profile, the surface quality, and the like,while adhering to the required tolerances. The method according to theinvention to this end provides the continuous machining of the shaft rawmaterial piece, preferably across the entire length of said shaft rawmaterial piece. On account thereof, a semi-finished shaft segmentproduct having a thread that is continuous in the longitudinal directionis made available, said semi-finished shaft segment product beingreferred to as a threaded semi-finished product.

Shaft segments which already have a threaded portion can be generatedfrom the threaded semi-finished product according to the invention bysimple cutting-to-length. To this end, part-pieces having an axiallength are severed from the threaded semi-finished product, said axiallength corresponding to the shaft segment length which in turn typicallysubstantially corresponds to the required shaft portion length,optionally while adding an additional machining length. The additionalmachining length can be required for an optionally required preparationof the joining face or consider and compensate for a shortening onaccount of the joining method used, for example an axial compression ina thermal joining method such as friction welding or the like. Onaccount thereof, the piece length of the shaft raw material pieceaccording to the invention is always also a multiple of the shaftportion length or thread length, respectively.

A toothed segment is provided in downstream method steps and, conjointlywith the shaft segment that has been generated according to theinvention by being cut to length from the threaded semi-finishedproduct, is aligned on a common longitudinal axis. This means that theshaft segment axes are aligned so as to be offset with respect to oneanother in a coaxial or parallel manner. The mutually opposite joiningfaces of the toothed segment and the shaft segment herein, said joiningfaces being at the end sides in relation to the longitudinal axis, aresubsequently joined to one another by means of the joining method,wherein a joint is configured, wherein the segments after joining have acommon longitudinal axis. Joining methods which by way of a form-fit, aforce-fit, and/or a materially integral fit enable a permanent, fixedconnection are suitable in principle. Welding methods such as, forexample friction welding, can be preferably used, this guaranteeing aneconomical production and a reliable connection.

One advantageous design embodiment of the method according to theinvention is that the thread on the shaft raw material piece isgenerated in a continuous axial throughput method. This herein is anefficient continuous machining process in which the thread as anexternal thread that is continuous in the axial direction isincorporated in the external shell face of the shaft raw material. Themachining across the entire length of the shaft raw material piece, saidlength potentially being a multiple of the shaft segment length, canpreferably be performed in a continuous manner when passing through amachining station or a production line having a plurality of machiningstations that are passed through in succession. In this way, asemi-finished shaft segment product which extends across a multiple ofthe shaft segment length, or the shaft portion length, respectively, canbe made available in a single work step, wherein time-consumingre-clamping and aligning is dispensed with.

The thread preferably has at least one ball race of a ball screw drive.The profile of the thread turns herein is optimized as a race groove forthe balls of a ball screw drive, for example by way of a Gothic profilewhich in each case enables a defined bearing of one ball on two definedpoints.

The method according to the invention can be refined with a view to thethread being whirled. Whirling, also referred to as continuous whirling,is a continuous method for generating threads on a cylindrical blank.Herein, thread turns are cut into the exterior of the shaft portion rawmaterial by way of a rotating high-speed whirling ring which is disposedso as to be eccentric and oblique to the longitudinal axis and hascutters on the inside, wherein the raw material is simultaneouslyrotated about the longitudinal axis and by way of an axial advancementthat corresponds to the thread pitch is continuously guided through thewhirling ring. A particularly economical production of the threadedsemi-finished product results therefrom. Threads generated by means ofwhirling have the further advantage that a geometry and surface finishthat is adapted in an optimal manner to the use in a ball screw drivecan be implemented, this facilitating a silent running of the ball screwdrive with minimal wear. It is possible for the thread to be whirled ina single pass, wherein the quality of the thread already meets therequirements in the ball screw drive, such that further machining can bedispensed with.

Alternatively or additionally, other subtractive or non-subtractiveproduction methods, preferably continuous methods, for example milling,broaching, rolling, and the like, and optionally grinding or the likefor the precision or final machining, can be used for generating thethread that according to the invention is continuous across the lengthof the shaft raw material.

A toothed segment is provided and, conjointly with the shaft segmentthat has been generated according to the invention by being cut tolength from the semi-finished shaft segment product, is aligned on thecommon longitudinal axis in downstream method steps for producing arack. The joining faces of the toothed segment and the shaft segmentthat herein are mutually opposite at the end sides in relation to thelongitudinal axis are subsequently joined to one another by means of ajoining method, wherein a joint is configured. Joining methods which byway of a form-fit, a force-fit, and/or a materially integral fit enablea permanent, fixed connection are suitable in principle. Welding methodssuch as, for example friction welding which guarantees an economicalproduction and a reliable connection, can preferably be used.

It is advantageous for the shaft portion raw material piece to beprovided as a hot-formed and/or cold-formed and/or a subtractivelymachined material portion. For example, the raw material piece can beprovided as a section-rolled rod of a solid material, or else as awelded or seamless tube. The shaft portion raw material piece, prior tocontinuous grinding, can be formed by means of suitable methods in orderfor a specific shape, surface finish or material finish to be generated,and moreover can be formed in a subtractive and/or a non-subtractivemanner, for example by sizing-rolling, pressing, drawing, calibrating,peeling, or additional or alternative machining methods, respectively.

It is furthermore conceivable and possible for the shaft portion rawmaterial piece prior to continuous grinding and prior to theincorporation of the thread to be thermally treated. The raw materialcan be continuously or partially hardened by way of a thermal treatment,for example, so as to adapt said raw material in an optimal manner tothe stresses to be expected when in operation. The continuous grindingaccording to the invention herein has the advantage that hardenedsurfaces with a high surface quality and dimensional accuracy can beeconomically precision-machined.

A further method step can include that by the cutting-to-length at leastone end-side end face of the shaft segment is provided in order forajoining face to be configured.

A further method step can include that after the cutting-to-length atleast one end-side end face of the shaft segment is machined in orderfor ajoining face to be configured. The connection end that is providedfor the connection to the toothed element can be prepared for thejoining method to be used by way of corresponding subtractive or plasticmachining methods; for example, a surface finish and/or surface shapethat are/is adapted to a welding method can be produced, or any otheradaptation to the communicating joining face of the toothed element canbe performed.

The toothed segment and the shaft segment are preferably welded to oneanother, preferably by friction welding. In stir friction welding, thesegments to be joined to one another are aligned on the commonlongitudinal axis of said segments, are set in rotation relative to oneanother about said longitudinal axis, and herein in the longitudinaldirection by way of the end faces of said segments which are directedtoward one another and which form or comprise the joining faces,respectively, pressed onto one another. The friction heat created hereincauses the joining faces to melt such that a materially integral weldedconnection is established.

It is possible for at least one further functional segment to beprovided and to be joined to the toothed segment and/or to the shaftsegment. A further functional segment can, for example, comprise aconnection portion for connecting the toothed portion or the shaftportion to a tie rod, or else an intermediate portion that in the axialdirection is inserted between the tooth segment and the shaft segment.The same joining techniques can be used for fastening a functionalsegment as have been described above for toothed segments and shaftsegments. Like these segments, one or a plurality of functional segmentscan be machined according to the method according to the inventionbefore joining.

The object is achieved by a rack for a steering gear of a motor vehicle,said rack having at least one toothed portion having a toothing, and atleast one shaft portion having a thread, wherein the thread extendsacross the entire shaft portion length.

Preferably, the continuous thread has a pitch with a value between 5 mmand 40 mm. Particularly preferably, the pitch has a value between 5 mmand 10 mm. Preferably, the thread is designed as a raceway for rollingbodies, for example balls, and can have a gothic cross-sectionalprofile.

DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Advantageous embodiments of the invention will be explained in moredetail hereunder by means of the drawings in which:

FIG. 1 shows a steering system for a motor vehicle;

FIG. 2 shows a rack produced according to the invention;

FIG. 3 shows a shaft semi-finished segment product in continuoushardening;

FIG. 4 shows a shaft semi-finished segment product in continuousgrinding;

FIG. 5 shows a shaft semi-finished segment product when swirling forproducing a threaded semi-finished product;

FIG. 6 shows a threaded segment being cut to length from a threadedsemi-finished product according to FIG. 5;

FIG. 7 shows a toothed portion semi-finished product in continuousgrinding;

FIG. 8 shows a toothed portion semi-finished product in continuouspeeling;

FIG. 9 shows a toothed segment blank being cut to length from a toothedsemi-finished segment product according to FIG. 7 or FIG. 8;

FIG. 10 shows a schematic view that is transverse to the longitudinalaxis of a die in the open state, prior to forming;

FIG. 11 shows the die as in FIG. 10 in a subsequent method step, in apartially closed state;

FIG. 12 shows the die as in FIG. 11 in a subsequent method step, in aclosed state;

FIG. 13 shows the die as in FIG. 12 in a subsequent method step, in thereopened state, after forming;

FIG. 14 shows the finished toothed segment according to FIG. 13 in aview that is transverse to the longitudinal direction, in the directionof the width of the toothing (in the direction of the toothing width);

FIG. 15 shows the finished toothed segment according to FIG. 13 in aview (in the direction of the height) onto the toothing, said view beingtransverse to the longitudinal direction;

FIG. 16 shows a cross section X1-X1 through the die according to FIG.11;

FIG. 17 shows a cross section X2-X2 through the die according to FIG.12;

FIG. 18 shows a cross section X3-X3 through the die according to FIG.13;

FIG. 19 shows a cross section Y3-Y3 through the die according to FIG.13;

FIG. 20 shows a toothed segment in a second embodiment, in a view in thedirection of the width of the toothing, said view being transverse tothe longitudinal direction and analogous to that of FIG. 19;

FIG. 21 shows a cross section C-C through the die according to FIG. 20;

FIG. 22 shows a toothed segment in a third embodiment, in a view in thedirection of the width of the toothing, said view being transverse tothe longitudinal direction and analogous to that of FIG. 19;

FIG. 23 shows a cross section D-D through the die according to FIG. 22;

FIG. 24 shows a toothed segment in continuous hardening;

FIG. 25 shows a threaded segment and a toothed segment prior to beingclamped in a clamping device;

FIG. 26 shows a threaded segment and a toothed segment in a clampingdevice prior to friction welding;

FIG. 27 shows a threaded segment and a toothed segment in a clampingdevice after friction welding;

FIG. 28 shows a schematic hardness profile of the friction-weldedconnection according to the invention;

FIG. 29 shows a toothed segment in a perspective illustration;

FIG. 30 shows a constructed rack in an alternative embodiment;

FIG. 31 shows a rack in a further alternative embodiment having aV-back;

FIG. 32 shows a rack according to FIG. 31 in a perspective sectionalillustration;

FIG. 33 shows a rack having a V-profile in an alternative embodiment;

FIG. 34 shows a cross section through a die having an insertedsemi-finished product prior to forging, in a manner analogous to FIG.16;

FIG. 35 shows a cross section through a die according to FIG. 34 afterforging;

FIG. 36 shows a rack produced according to the invention in a furtherembodiment, in a perspective illustration;

FIG. 37 shows the rack according to FIG. 36 in a view in the directionof the width of the toothing, said view being transverse to thelongitudinal direction; and

FIG. 38 shows a rack in an alternative embodiment similar to that ofFIG. 37.

EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION

The same parts are at all times provided with the same reference signsin the various figures, said same parts therefore typically also beingidentified or mentioned, respectively, in each case only once.

FIG. 1 shows a schematic perspective illustration of a motor vehiclesteering mechanism 1, wherein a torque as a steering torque can beintroduced by the driver into a steering shaft 101 by way of a steeringwheel 102. The steering torque is transmitted by way of the steeringshaft 101 to a steering pinion 104 which meshes with a rack 2 which thenin turn transmits the predefined steering angle to the steerable wheels110 of the motor vehicle by way of respective tie rods 108. The steeringpinion 104 conjointly with the rack 2 forms a steering gear 105. Thesteering gear 105 has a housing (not illustrated here) in which thesteering pinion 104 is mounted so as to be rotatable and the rack 2 ismounted so as to be longitudinal displaceable in both directions in thelongitudinal direction A, also referred to as the axial direction A,this being indicated by the double arrow.

An electric and/or hydraulic power assistance unit in the form of apower assistance unit 112, alternatively also a power assistance unit114 or 116, respectively, can be coupled either to the steering shaft 1,to the steering pinion 104, or the rack 2, respectively. The respectivepower assistance unit 112, 114, or 116 introduces an auxiliary torqueinto the steering shaft 1, the steering pinion 104, and/or an auxiliaryforce into the rack 2, on account of which the driver is assisted inoperating the steering. The three different power assistance units 112,114, and 116, illustrated in FIG. 1, show alternative positions for thedisposal of said power assistance units. Only a single one of thepositions shown is usually occupied by a power assistance unit. Theauxiliary torque or the auxiliary force for supporting the driver, whichis to be applied by means of the respective power assistance unit 112,114, or 116, is determined while taking into account the input torquedetected by a torque sensor 118 which can be disposed in the powerassistance unit 112 or 114.

The steering shaft 1 has an input shaft 103 that is connected to thesteering wheel 102, and an output shaft 106 that is connected to thesteering pinion 104.

The output shaft 106, by way of an articulated joint 107 which isconfigured as a universal joint or a cardan joint, is connected to ashaft 109 which forms an intermediate shaft of the steering shaft 101and which, by way of a further articulated joint 107 of identicalconstruction, is connected to an input shaft 119 of the steering gear105.

The rack 2 of the steering gear 105 is shown on its own in FIG. 2. Itcan be derived therefore that the rack 2 is configured so as to bebar-shaped and has a cylindrical basic shape which is elongate in theaxial direction A and has a longitudinal axis L. The axial direction Ain which the rack 2 is mounted so as to be longitudinally displaceablein the steering gear 105 lies so as to be parallel with the longitudinalaxis L.

The rack 2 has a toothed portion 21 which on one side is provided with atoothing 22 which extends in the longitudinal direction A. That sidethat in relation to the longitudinal axis L is diametrically oppositethe toothing is configured as a rack back 23 which hereunder is referredto for short as back 23.

The rack 2 furthermore has a shaft portion 24 which in the example shownin FIG. 2 has a thread 25 and is also referred to as the threadedportion 24. A spindle nut (not illustrated) is screw-fitted to thethread 25 in the steering gear 105, said spindle nut by the powerassistance unit 116 being drivable so as to rotate about thelongitudinal axis L, on account of which a force for supporting thesteering can be applied to the rack 2 in the longitudinal direction A.

In order for a ball screw drive in which the spindle nut is configuredas a recirculating ball nut to be formed, the thread 25 in terms of thethread profile and of the material properties can be optimized for theballs to roll, for example by hardening the steel from which the shaftportion 24 is made.

The toothed portion 21 and the shaft portion 24 have external free ends26 which face away from one another in the longitudinal direction andwhich form the ends of the rack 2 where the tie rods 108 can beconnected.

The rack 2 according to the invention is a constructed rack in which thetoothed portion 21 having the toothing 22 and the shaft portion 24having the thread 25, at the ends thereof that face one another in theaxial direction by way of the end faces of said toothed portion 21 andof said shaft portion 24, hereunder referred to as joining faces 28, areconnected to one another, for example by welding methods such asfriction welding, in a joint 27.

The rack 2 in the finished state shown in FIG. 2, when measured alongthe longitudinal axis L, has a length Z which is composed of the shaftportion length S and of the toothed portion length V, in each casemeasured from the free end 26 up to the joint 27. The toothed portion 21and the shaft portion 24 can preferably be made from a solid material.

By virtue of the configuration of the rack 2 from individual segments itis possible for the diameters of the unmachined parts for the shaftportion and the toothed portion to be conceived so as to be different.On account thereof, savings in terms of material can also be achievedwithout the use of hollow unmachined materials (tubes).

The shaft portion and the toothed portion are advantageously formed froma solid material since the initial product is more cost-effective, themanufacturing is simpler, and the post-machining, including hardening,is associated with fewer risks.

Furthermore, by virtue of the configuration of the rack from individualsegments, the toothed portion and the shaft portion can be formed fromdifferent materials. For example, the toothed portion is preferablyformed from the steel types SAE1040 or 37CrS4 according to DIN EN 10083,and the shaft portion is preferably formed from the heat-treatable steelC45 according to DIN EN 10083.

In order for a constructed rack 2 to be produced, prefabricated segmentsfirst have to be provided which subsequently by way of the joining faces28 thereof are joined together at the joint 27. It will be explainedhereunder how the production of a constructed rack 2 by way of themethod according to the invention can be performed particularlyeconomically by way of machining the segments according to theinvention.

The production of a segment is performed to as to proceed from anunmachined segment material piece 3 which for short is also referred toas the unmachined material piece 3, or with a view to the furtherintended use is referred to, for example, as the unmachined shaftmaterial piece or the unmachined toothed material piece. An unmachinedmaterial piece 3 can be provided as bar material, for example having around cross section, for example from rolled or extruded steel. Thepiece length G of the unmachined material piece 3 can in principle be ofarbitrary size; piece lengths G in the range from 2 m to 10 m areoffered at a diameter in the magnitude from 20 to 40 mm in practice.This is a multiple of the length Z of a rack 2, or of the length S of ashaft portion 24, or of the length V of a toothed portion 21,respectively, said lengths being between approximately 0.1 m and 0.5 m.

When particular requirements are set for the material hardness, hardenedsteel is used for producing the shaft portion or the toothed portion.Hardening according to the invention can be performed as isschematically illustrated in FIG. 3. An unmachined material piece 3 fromhardenable steel, for example an unmachined shaft material piece, isprovided and is aligned on the longitudinal axis L. Said unmachinedmaterial piece 3 is moved longitudinally in the processing direction Dso as to be parallel with the longitudinal axis L, as is indicated bythe arrow in FIG. 3. Said unmachined material piece 3 herein is guidedthrough a continuous heating installation 41, for example through thecoil assembly of an induction heating device. Continuous heating isperformed in the continuous heating installation 41, wherein the steelis heated beyond the austenitizing temperature thereof. A continuouscooling installation 42 adjoins in the processing direction D, theheated unmachined material piece 3 likewise being moved continuouslythrough said continuous cooling installation 42. Controlled continuouscooling is performed herein by a gaseous and/or liquid cooling fluid,for example, on account of which the steel is hardened, continuoushardening consequently being implemented. The process parameters such astemperatures as well as heating and cooling periods and rates arepredefined so as to depend on the steel type used and on the materialproperties targeted by the hardening. A hardened semi-finished segmentproduct 31 is available after continuous cooling in the continuouscooling installation 42, said hardened semi-finished segment product 31being able to be fed to further processing steps. The semi-finishedsegment product after the hardening operation preferably has acylindrical core region 311 which in relation to the initial material ofthe unmachined material piece 3 has not been imparted any hardnessincrease, as is illustrated in the example of FIG. 3.

An advantage of continuous hardening is that a hardened shaftsemi-finished segment product 31 is provided, which has substantiallythe piece length G of the unmachined material piece 3, said piece lengthG corresponding to a multiple of the length Z of the rack or of theshaft portion length S or of the toothed portion length V, respectively.On account thereof, a more economical manufacturing can be performedthan in the prior art, it being commonplace in the latter for theunmachined material prior to hardening to be cut to the length of onesegment length ls.

By means of a separation installation 43, hardened segments 32 whichhave a segment length ls can be cut to length in a simple manner fromthe hardened shaft semi-finished segment product 31 which has the piecelength G. This is schematically illustrated in FIG. 9. On account of thepiece length G being a multiple of the segment length ls of a hardenedsegment 32, a correspondingly large number of segments 32 can begenerated economically. The hardened segments 32 can be connected tofurther segments or be used as segment blanks which in furtherprocessing steps can be machined according to the intended use of saidsegments, for example as shaft segments, connection segments, or otherfunctional segments.

In order for a rack 2 to be produced, it can be necessary for a segmenthaving a high dimensional accuracy in the profile to be provided. Thegrinding of segment blanks which have already been shortened to thesegment length ls, as is commonplace in the prior art, is tedious andcomplex.

In order for the production to be designed so as to be more economical,the method according to invention which is schematically illustrated inFIG. 4 is proposed. An unmachined shaft material piece 3 which has apiece length G, for example one unmachined shaft material piece, isprovided herein and is aligned on the longitudinal axis L. Saidunmachined shaft material piece 3 is moved longitudinally in theprocessing direction D so as to be parallel with the longitudinal axisL, as is indicated by the arrow in FIG. 4. Said unmachined shaftmaterial piece 3 herein is guided through a continuous grindinginstallation 44 while said unmachined shaft material piece 3 is rotatedabout the longitudinal axis L, as is indicated by the curved arrow. Onaccount thereof, the unmachined material piece 3 across the entire piecelength G thereof is continuously ground so as to be round in adimensionally accurate manner by means of continuous grinding, saidunmachined material piece 3 exiting the continuous grinding installation44 in the processing direction D as a semi-finished segment product 33ground in a dimensionally accurate manner.

The semi-finished segment product 33 ground in a dimensionally accuratemanner has the same piece length G as the original unmachined materialpiece 3 that has been fed to continuous grinding. By means of aseparation installation 43, such as has been illustrated in FIG. 9 for ahardened semi-finished segment product 31, segments 34 ground so as tobe round in a dimensionally accurate manner can be cut to length in asimple manner from said ground semi-finished product 33. On account ofthe piece length G of the semi-finished segment product 33 being amultiple of the segment length ls of a ground segment 34, acorrespondingly large number of segments 34 can be generatedeconomically. The segments 34 can be used as segment blanks which infurther processing steps can be machined according to the intended useof said segments, for example as shaft segments, connection segments, orother functional segments.

As an alternative to an unmachined segment material piece 3, it isconceivable and possible for a hardened semi-finished segment product 31to be machined by continuous grounding according to the continuoushardening illustrated in FIG. 4. As a result, a hardened semi-finishedsegment product 33 ground in a dimensionally accurate manner having thepiece length G is generated, from which a plurality of segments 34 canbe economically cut to length.

It is schematically illustrated in FIG. 5 and FIG. 6 how a shaft segmentthat is configured as a threaded segment 35 to be produced economicallyby the method according to the invention. To this end, an unmachinedshaft material piece 36 which, as has been described for the precedingembodiments, has a piece length G which corresponds to a multiple of theshaft portion length S is provided. When a shaft portion 24 isconfigured as a threaded portion having a thread 25 that continuesacross the length of said shaft portion 24, the thread length in theaxial direction A corresponds to the shaft portion length S.

A whirling installation 45 into which an unmachined segment materialpiece 3 having the piece length G is inserted in the processingdirection D is illustrated in FIG. 5. A thread 25 which in the axialdirection A extends continuously across the entire piece length G isprogressively cut into the unmachined segment material piece 3 by meansof a rapidly rotating whirling head, said unmachined segment materialpiece 3 moving in the processing direction D and herein rotating slowlyin the whirling installation. A semi-finished threaded product 37 whichhas the same piece length G as the unmachined segment material piece 3is generated by this thread whirling in the continuous method, alsoreferred to as continuous whirling for short.

Threaded segments 35 which have in each case a segment length ls can ineach case be cut to length from the semi-finished threaded product 37 bymeans of a separation installation 43. On account of the piece length Gof the semi-finished threaded product 37 being a multiple of the segmentlength ls of the threaded segments 35, a correspondingly large number ofthreaded segments 35 can be generated economically. The threadedsegments 35 can be connected to further segments, for example to a toothsegment, or be utilized as segment blanks which in further processingsteps are machined according to the intended use of said segment blanks.

FIG. 7 shows how an unmachined segment material piece 3, for example forproducing a toothed portion 21, can be ground to a round size across theentire piece length G of said unmachined segment material piece 3 in acontinuous grinding procedure by means of a continuous grindinginstallation 44. Alternatively, it is possible for the unmachinedsegment material piece 3 to be likewise continuously machined to sizeacross the entire piece length G of said unmachined segment materialpiece 3 by means of a peeling installation 46, as is illustrated in FIG.8, so as to generate a dimensionally accurate semi-finished segmentproduct 33. By contrast to the illustration of the unmachined shaftmaterial pieces 3, unmachined toothed material pieces 32 are nothardened so as not to complicate any subsequent forming. Accordingly,the unmachined toothed material piece 32 is severed to the requiredlength ls, preferably by means of sawing, directly after the machiningby means of grinding (FIG. 7) or peeling (FIG. 8).

FIGS. 10 to 13 schematically show snapshots of a die 5 in successivesteps of the method according to the invention. The view, that is to saythe viewing direction, herein is transverse to the longitudinal axis L(the latter lying parallel with the longitudinal direction A) in thewidth direction B, perpendicular to the height direction H. The widthdirection B is defined by the direction which is aligned so as to beorthogonal to the end sectional plane SE of the toothing 22.

The width direction B in the case of a spur toothing is defined by thedirection in which the toothing 22 by way of the toothing width bextends transversely to the longitudinal axis L. The height direction His defined by the radial direction which, in a manner perpendicular tothe longitudinal axis L and perpendicular to the width direction B, runsperpendicularly from the back 23 through the toothing 22 of a rack 2.

The die 5 comprises a toothed die part 51 having a tooth mold clearance52 which is formed as a negative impression of the toothing 22, and arear die part 53 having a back mold clearance 54. The die 5 is separatedin a separation plane T which in the width direction B runs parallelwith the longitudinal axis L. The back mold clearance 54 is configuredas the negative mold of the back 23 and as illustrated is shaped so asto be substantially semi-cylindrical, having a back radius R as can beclearly seen in the cross-sectional illustration of FIG. 6. It islikewise conceivable and possible for the back to have a Gothiccross-sectional profile, having two convexly curved portions which areat a mutual angle. Upper holding installations 55 (at the bottom in theillustration) are disposed in the longitudinal direction A, that is tosay parallel with the longitudinal axis L, so as to neighbor the tootheddie part 51 on both sides, and lower holding installations 56 (at thetop in the illustration) are disposed so as to neighbor the back diepart 53. A terminal detent 57 is disposed beside the holdinginstallations 55, 56 on a side that in the longitudinal direction facesaway from the die parts 52, 53.

In order for the method according to the invention to be carried out, acylindrical unmachined segment material piece 3, hereunder also referredto as the blank 3 for short, having the segment length lz, is provided,heated to the forging temperature of 750° C. to 250° C., depending onthe method, and inserted into the toothed mold clearance 52 and the backmold clearance 53 which in the open position are spaced apart from oneanother. A defined radial fixing of the longitudinal axis L of the blank3 relative to the die 5 is performed by clamping between the holdinginstallations 55 and 56. The blank 3, by way of the free end 26, in thelongitudinal direction A is brought to stop on the terminal detent 57,on account of which the blank 3 is axially positioned, that is to saypositioned in the direction of the longitudinal axis L.

The back die part 53 is moved from the open state according to FIG. 10counter to the height direction H, as is indicated by the arrow in FIG.10, until the back mold clearance 54 bears (from above in the drawings)on the rear side on the blank 3, as is illustrated in FIGS. 11 and 16.It can be derived from the sectional illustration of FIG. 16 that thecylindrical blank 3 has a blank radius r which, as required according tothe invention, is smaller than the radius of the rear mold clearance 54,the back radius R. Accordingly, the back mold clearance 54 initiallybears only in a linear manner on the external circumference in the backregion of the blank 3. The back die part 53 is now located in theforging position.

The forging stroke is carried out in the next step, wherein the tootheddie part 51 is moved in the height direction H (upward in the drawing),perpendicularly to the longitudinal axis L, toward the tooth-side of theblank 3, as is indicated by the arrow in FIGS. 11 and 12. The forming ofthe blank 3 is performed herein in that the material, preferably steelat the forging temperature, is plastically deformed, wherein thematerial flows and fills the cavity between the back die part 53 and thetoothed die part 51. On account thereof, the back mold clearance 54 isimpressed in the rear side in the blank 3, such that the back 23 havingthe back radius R is configured, and on that side that is opposite inrelation to the longitudinal axis L the toothing 22 is impressed on thetoothed side by the toothed mold clearance 51, such that the toothedportion 21 is configured. The blank 3 has in this way been formed to atoothed segment 61 which has a toothed portion 21 having the toothing 22the back 23, as well as transition portions 210 and 211 that adjoin thetoothed portion 21. The toothing 22 comprises a tooth root plane ZFE.The transition portions 210 and 211 have not been deformed in theforging and thus retain the same blank radius r and the longitudinalaxis L as the blank 3. The joining face 28 where a shaft segment, forexample in the form of a threaded segment 35, can be joined is locatedat the end side at the free end of the transition portion 210.

The terminal position of the forging stroke is shown in the crosssection in FIG. 17 in the cross section X2-X2 through the toothedportion 21. It can be seen herein that the compression in the heightdirection H, perpendicular to the longitudinal axis L, when forging isso large that material in the toothed portion 21 between the toothed diepart 51 and the back die part 53 in the separation T is squeezed outlaterally in the width direction B, while forming burrs 29 protrudingfrom the width B having a burr width GB in relation to the longitudinalaxis L. The burrs 29 are spaced apart from the tooth root plane ZFE at aburr spacing Z in the height direction H. The burr spacing Z is thesmallest spacing, measured in the height direction H, between the toothroot plane ZFE and the peripheral region of the respective burr 29. Theperipheral region of the respective burr 29 is formed by the freelyformed region. In order for the toothing 22 to be particularlypositively configured when forming, the burr spacing Z preferably has avalue which is smaller than 20% of the back radius R. The burr spacing Zparticularly preferably has a value which is smaller than 15% of theback radius R. The burr spacing Z most preferably has a value which issmaller than 5% of the back radius R. On account of the freely formedburrs being configured close to the tooth root plane ZFE, an improvedflow behavior in forming and an improved configuration of the structureof the toothing 22 can be achieved.

The back radius R in the toothed portion 21 defines a back axis Q aroundwhich the back 23 by way of the semi-cylindrical or partiallycylindrical, respectively, shape thereof extends in a coaxial manner. Onaccount of the compression caused in forming and the flowing in thewidth direction B associated with the former, the back when measured inthe width direction B is imparted a back width (2×R) that corresponds todouble the back radius R. The toothing 22 that is opposite the back 23on account of forming is imparted a toothing width b in the widthdirection B. A utilizable toothing width b, also referred to as thetooth root width, which corresponds substantially to the back width(2×R) is preferably generated. An optimal radial support of the toothing22 by the back 23 is performed and a high flexural resistance isimplemented on account thereof.

Thanks to the method according to the invention, both the back width(2×R) as well as the toothing width b can be larger than the unmachineddiameter (2×r) of the blank 3, said unmachined diameter (2×r)corresponding to double the unmachined radius. The introduction of forcefrom the steering pinion 104 into the toothing 22 is improved on accountthereof. Moreover, an optimized mounting of the back 23 in the steeringgear 105 can be implemented, said back 23 being widened relative to theblank 3.

After the forging stroke, the back die part 53 and the toothed die part51 are again diverged in a reverse stroke movement that is opposite tothe forging stroke, as is illustrated in FIG. 13 and indicated by thearrows. The die 5 is again opened on account thereof, as is shown inFIG. 10. The finished toothed segment 61 can be removed from the die 5in this position, and a new blank 3 can be inserted, as is illustratedin FIG. 10.

The finished toothed segment 61 in FIG. 14 is shown in a lateral view inthe width direction B that is transverse to the longitudinal axis L,thus parallel with the toothing 22 in the direction of the toothingwidth b, and in FIG. 15 is shown in a plan view on the toothing 21 thatis transverse to the longitudinal axis L, thus counter to the heightdirection H.

It can be derived from the cross section is shown in FIGS. 16 to 19, inparticular from FIG. 19, that the longitudinal axis L which forms theaxis of the blank 3 and, after forming, correspondingly forms the axisof the transition portion 210, is congruent with the back axis Q whichby way of the back radius R is surrounded in a coaxial manner by theback 23. This coaxial arrangement can be clearly seen in FIG. 19 in thatthe unmachined radius r and the back radius R relate to the same axis Land Q, respectively.

A second embodiment of a toothed segment 611 according to the inventionis illustrated in FIG. 20 in a lateral view corresponding to that ofFIG. 14, and is illustrated in a section C-C through the transitionportion 210 in a manner analogous to that of FIG. 19. As opposed to thetoothed segment 61, the back axis Q herein in relation to thelongitudinal axis L in a parallel manner is offset radially in thedirection toward the toothing 21, specifically by a spacing c1 which isreferred to as an offset. The offset c1 in the example shown correspondsto the difference between the radii R−r, is thus larger than zero, andcan be referred to as a positive offset. The back 23, when viewed in thecross section, in the radial direction terminates at the lowermost pointby way of the circumference of the transition portion 210. Accordingly,the toothing 22 in the radial direction is closer to the externalcircumference of the transition portion 210 by the difference (R−r), orin other words is molded less deeply into the cross section of thetoothed segment 61 as is the case in the first embodiment according toFIG. 14.

A third embodiment of a toothed segment 612 according to the inventionis illustrated in FIG. 22 in a lateral view corresponding to that ofFIG. 14, and in FIG. 23 is illustrated in the section D-D through thetoothed portion 21 in a manner analogous to that of FIG. 18. As is thecase in the last-described embodiment of the toothed segment 611, theback axis Q is again offset in relation to the longitudinal axis L,specifically by a spacing or offset c2, respectively. The offset c2 inthis embodiment is larger than the radii difference (R−r) such that thetransition portion 210 in the cross section projects beyond the back 23,as can be seen in the sectional illustration of FIG. 23. The offset c2in the example shown is chosen such that the toothing 22 in the heightdirection H terminates so as to be flush with the circumference of thetransition portion 210. The toothing 22 in relation to the longitudinalaxis L lies higher than in the case of the second embodiment of thetoothed segment 611.

Thanks to the method according to the invention, an offset c1 or c2 canbe implemented in a simple manner by a corresponding design of the die5, if required. This can be achieved in detail in that the radial offsetbetween the holding installations 55 and 56, which fix the position ofthe longitudinal axis L, and the toothed die part 51 and the back diepart 53, which by way of the shaping of the back 23 determine theposition of the back axis Q, is set according to the radii difference(R−r). In this way, the depth of the toothing 22 can be implemented soas to correspond to the respective requirements in the steering gear 105by way of a die 5 that is of a relatively simple construction.

A further advantage of the method according to the invention also liesin that a rack can be implemented in particular also by way of lessmaterial input, because the radii difference does not cause any waste.The material input can be reduced on account thereof, even when theblank is formed from a solid material.

A rack for the steering gear of the motor vehicle is preferablyimplemented in this method, said rack having a toothed portion 21 whichextends along the longitudinal axis L and, in relation to thelongitudinal axis L, opposite the toothed portion 21 has acylinder-segment-shaped back 23 having a back radius R, wherein afurther cylindrical transition portion 201, 211 is configured on thetoothed portion 21, the radius r of said further cylindrical transitionportion 201, 211 being smaller than the back radius R. A radiidifference in the range from 3% to 7% in relation to the back radius Ris preferable. A radii difference particularly preferably lies in therange from 4.5% to 6.5%. Good shapings in the case of simultaneouslyadvantageous material savings can be implemented herewith.

The method according to the invention offers yet a further significantadvantage. A multiplicity of parameters must be adhered to in order fora rack which has a toothed portion illustrated in the example to beinserted into a steering gear. For example, the specified diameter ofthe rack is to be as small as possible in order for installation spaceto be saved. The burr width GB which is configured on both sides of thetoothing width is in particular to remain limited. It is desirable herein that the mechanical post-processing is to be limited. In particular,the two burrs 29 by way of the method proposed can be implemented so asto have a respective burr width GB of less than 25% of the toothingwidth b, without any mechanical post-processing having to be performed.A respective burr width of less than 18% of the toothing width ispreferable. Respective burr widths GB of less than 10%, or particularlypreferably of at most 5%, of the toothing width b, can be achieved byoptimizing the parameters in the tool. It is thus not necessary for theburrs 29 which in forming are created on both sides of the toothing tobe removed, on account of which the mechanical post-processing of thetoothed portion 21 can be reduced.

After forging, a toothed segment 61 (or 611 or 612, respectively) can behardened in the continuous method, as is shown in FIG. 24. The toothedsegment 61 herein is moved parallel with the longitudinal axis L througha continuous heating installation 41 and through a continuous coolinginstallation 42 that in the processing direction D is downstream of saidcontinuous heating installation 41. The steel can be hardened by thecorresponding choice of the thermal and temporal parameters, as hasalready been described in principle above in conjunction with FIG. 3 fora semi-finished shaft segment product 31. The optimal hardness for thestresses to be expected in operation can be set on account thereof.

FIG. 32 shows a toothed segment 63 which has a V-shaped back 231,referred to as the V-back 231 for short. The V-shape is by two V-legfaces 232, which when seen from the toothing 22 converge at an angletoward the back 231.

The V-back 231 in the cross section is enclosed by an envelope circlehaving the back radius R1, as can be derived from the sectionalillustration of FIG. 35. The V-leg faces 232 comprise secants of theenvelope circle which in FIG. 35 is drawn using dashed lines.

A transition portion 210 adjoins the toothing 22, as is the case in theD-shaped embodiment described above in conjunction with FIG. 10 to FIG.24. The transition portion 210 has a radius r1 which corresponds to theunmachined radius r1 of the blank 3 according to FIG. 34.

The forging can be performed in a die 50 according to the methodaccording to the invention, as is illustrated in the section in FIG. 34in a manner analogous to that of FIG. 16, and is illustrated in FIG. 35in a manner analogous to that of FIG. 18 or FIG. 23. The toothed diepart 51 of the die 50 constructed as in the D-shaped embodiments of thedie 5 described above. Deviating therefrom, the back die part 531 has aback mold clearance 541 that is V-shaped in the cross section.

It can be derived from FIG. 34 how a blank 3 having the unmachinedradius r1 is inserted between the back die part 531 and the toothed diepart 51. The envelope circle of the back mold clearance 541 having theback radius R1 is plotted using dashed lines. It can be seen that theblank 3 in the non-formed unmachined state, having the unmachined radiusr1 is smaller as compared to the back radius R1, does not fill the die 5in the width direction B, and that the blank 3 does not lie in a coaxialmanner in the envelope circle.

FIG. 35 shows the finished toothed segment 63 forged from the blank 3.In this exemplary embodiment, the back 231, by way of the envelopecircle thereof, and the transition portion 210 lie so as to be coaxialwith the longitudinal axis L, that is to say that the radii r1 and R1relate to the longitudinal axis L, as is the case in a D-shaped back 23in the exemplary embodiment according to FIGS. 10 to 19. However, it isalso conceivable and possible for an offset for a V-back 231 to bedefined according to the requirements of the steering gear, as is thecase in the embodiment according to FIGS. 20, 21, or FIGS. 22, 23.

FIGS. 31 and 32 show embodiments of racks 2 having different diameterconditions in the toothed portion 21 and the shaft portion 24, whereinthe shaft portion 24 according to FIG. 31 has a larger diameter.

An advantage of the forging method according to the invention forproducing a toothed segment 61, 611, 612, or 63 is that lower forgingforces are required for forming a blank 3 having an unmachined radius r(or r1, respectively) that is smaller as compared to the back radius R(or R1, respectively), than in the case of the unmachined radiuscorresponding to the back radius, as in the prior art.

The same advantages in terms of the burr width and the conditions of theratio of the back radius R1 to the unmachined radius r1 are derived inmanner analogous to that as already discussed above in the context ofthe D-shaped back.

A rack for a steering gear of a motor vehicle is preferably implementedin this method, said rack having a toothed portion 21 which extendsalong the longitudinal axis L and, in relation to the longitudinal axisL, opposite the toothed portion 21 has a cylinder-segment-shaped back 23having a back radius R1, wherein a further cylindrical transitionportion 201, 211 is configured on the toothed portion 21, the radius r1of said further cylindrical transition portion 201, 211 being smallerthan the back radius R1. A radii difference preferably lies in the rangefrom 3% to 7% in terms of the back radius R1. A radii difference in therange from 4.5% to 6.5% is particularly preferable.

The respective burr width GB having less than 25% of the toothing widthb can also be implemented in this embodiment having the V-back, withoutany mechanical post-processing having to be performed. Accordingly, itis preferable also here for a respective burr width of less than 20% ofthe toothing width, or more preferably of less than 15%, or particularlypreferably of at most 10%, of the toothing width b to be achieved.

A method according to the invention for producing a rack 2 in whichshaft segments, here a threaded segment 35, are joined to a toothedsegment 61 by means of friction welding is illustrated in FIGS. 25 to27.

The threaded segment 35 can be made as has been described above inconjunction with FIG. 5 and FIG. 6, for example. The threaded segment 35in the direction of the longitudinal axis L has a segment length ls, andat one end side has a joining face 28.

The toothed segment 61 can be made available, for example, by means of amethod as has been described above by means of FIGS. 10 to 23, or FIGS.36 to 40. The toothed segment 61 has a segment length lz, and at one endside likewise has a joining face 28.

The threaded segment 35 is clamped in a clamping installation 70 and isaligned in a coaxial manner on the longitudinal axis L, as isillustrated in FIG. 26. The clamping installation 70 has clampingelements 701, 702, and 703, and a counter bearing 74. The clampingelements 701, 702, and 703 from the outside bear between the threadterms of the thread 25 in such a manner that a defined alignment isguaranteed on the longitudinal axis L. The thread 25 herein forms areference face. The threaded segment 35 by way of the free end 26thereof in the axial direction is supported on the counter bearing 704,on account of which a precise axial positioning in the direction of thelongitudinal axis L is achieved.

The toothed segment 61 is clamped in a clamping installation 71 and isaligned in a coaxial manner on the longitudinal axis L. The clampinginstallation 71 has clamping elements 711, 712, and 713. The clampingelements 711 and 712 bear on the toothing 22; the clamping element 713bears on the back 23. On account thereof, the functional faces of thetoothing 22, or of the back 23, respectively, form reference faces whichare precisely aligned on the longitudinal axis L.

The toothed segment 61 by way of the joining face 28 thereof bears onthe joining face 28 of the threaded segment 35. The toothed segment 61by way of the free end 26 thereof is supported in the axial direction ona compression piece 714 which by way of connection elements 715 isrigidly connected to the clamping elements 711, 712, and 713 of theclamping installation 71, and so as to be connected in a rotationallyfixed manner relative to the longitudinal axis L.

The clamping installation 71 by a drive installation (not illustrated)is drivable so as to rotate about the longitudinal axis L, as isindicated by the curved arrow. A contact pressure force F in thedirection of the longitudinal axis L can be exerted on the clampinginstallation 71 by means of a contact pressure installation (likewisenot illustrated), as is indicated by the force arrow, and the joiningface 28 of a clamped toothed segment 61 by way of said contact pressureforce F being able to be pressed in an axial manner in the direction ofthe longitudinal axis L against the joining face 28 of the threadedsegment 35 that is clamped in the clamping device 70. The joining faces28 on account thereof are in frictional contact with one another.

The clamping installation 71 after clamping is positioned relative tothe clamping installation 70 such that the threaded segment 35 and thetoothed segment 61 by way of the joining faces 28 thereof bear on oneanother, the threaded segment 35 bears axially on the counter bearing704, and the toothed segment 61 bears on the compression piece 714.Consequently, the overall spacing, the so-called start spacing L1,between the compression piece 714 and the counter bearing 704 is equalto the sum of the segment lengths ls and lz, thus: L1=ls+lz (length lsof the threaded segment 35+length lz of the toothed segment 61).

The clamping installation 71 is set in rotation for friction weldingaccording to the invention, such that the joining faces 28 rotaterelative to one another under friction. The friction heat being releasedherein depends on the rotating speed and the contact pressure force F.

The contact pressure force F at the level of an initial friction forceF1 is first exerted in order for initial friction to be performed, saidinitial friction force potentially being between 10 kN and 30 kN, forexample. A homogenization of the surfaces of the joining faces 28 isperformed on account thereof. Initial friction can be performed for aduration of less than 3 seconds.

The contact pressure force F is subsequently increased to an input forceF2 in order for thermal input friction to be performed, said input forceF2 potentially being approximately 5 to 12 times, preferably 6 to 11times, the initial friction force F1. Thermal input friction isperformed until the desired process temperature for welding steel hasbeen reached at the joining faces 28. A fixed duration can be predefinedherein, or time is regulated by way of the measured temperature.Durations of less than 15 seconds are preferably adhered to herein.

Upon reaching the process temperature, the contact pressure force F isincreased to 10 to 20 times, preferably 17 times, the initial frictionforce F1. A compression is performed on account of the material meltingbetween the joining faces 28 at the joint 27, the toothed segment 61 andthe threaded segment 35 in said compression while the forming movingtoward one another at the joint 27 such that the start length L1 isshortened. Only a defined shortening until a predefined target length L2has been reached is permitted according to the path-controlled methodaccording to the invention. The shortening is the so-called joining pathX which corresponds to the difference between the start length L1 andthe target length L2: X=L1−L2.

The final state in which the overall length L2 is reached is illustratedin FIG. 27. The target length L2 corresponds to the rack length Z of arack 2 such as is shown in FIG. 2 or in FIG. 41, for example, whereinthe shaft portion 24 has a shaft portion length S that on account ofwelding is shortened in relation to the segment length ls, and thetoothed portion 21 has a toothed portion length V which is shorter thanthe segment length lz.

Material has been squeezed out in a radial manner at the joint 27 whenwelding, said material forming an encircling welding bead 271.

A hardness profile which can be generated at the joint 27 by way of thefriction welding according to the invention is schematically illustratedin FIG. 28. A thermal input that is relevant to modification of thestructure of the steel is performed on account of the friction welding,said thermal input being in the direction of the longitudinal axis Linto a heat influence zone 91 and 92 of the shaft portion 24, or of thetoothed portion 21, respectively. The welding parameters such asrotating speed and contact pressure force F according to the inventionare preferably defined such that the heat influence zones 91 and 92 areheated to at most 250° C. The heat influence zones 91 and 92 in the caseof the method according to the invention preferably have a maximum widthof 0.25×ds, wherein ds indicates the diameter of a segment 21 or 24,respectively.

The heating is most intense in the radially outward circumferentialregion in the direct proximity of the joint 27. A hardness increase inrelation to the base material of at most 200 HV1 is permitted in thiscoaxially encircling peripheral region 93. A hardness increase of atmost 250 HV1 is permitted for the core region 94 which is locatedcentrally within the peripheral region 93. The forming of metallurgicalnotches is avoided and a higher load-bearing capability is achieved onaccount of the hardness increase being lower in the peripheral region 93than in the core region 94.

A rack for a motor vehicle steering mechanism is advantageouslyimplemented by the method management, said rack being formed from twosegments, for example a toothed segment 61 or toothed segment 63 havinga shaft segment 62, which are connected to one another by means offriction welding, wherein the maximum micro hardness in the longitudinalaxis L, in a first spacing which measured from the center of the weldingseam and which is larger than the segment diameter ds of the segmenthaving the smaller diameter multiplied by 0.3, is greater by less than200 HV1 as compared to the micro hardness in the longitudinal axis at aspacing of 1.5 times the segment diameter ds of the segment having thesmaller diameter. The increase in the hardness is preferably less than120 HV1.

It is particularly preferable herein for the maximum micro hardness inthe surface in a spacing which is measured from the center of thewelding seam and which is larger than the segment diameter ds of thesegment having the smaller diameter multiplied by 0.3, is greater byless than 250 HV1 than the micro hardness in the surface at a spacing of1.5 times the segment diameter ds of the respective segment. Theincrease in hardness is preferably less than 180 HV1.

FIG. 29 shows a toothed segment 61 in a perspective view. Said toothedsegment 61 has positioning elements 220 which is disposed so as to bepositionally and dimensionally accurate relative to the functional facesof the toothing 22, of the back 23, of the joining face 28 or the like.The positioning elements 220 can be conjointly shaped in a simple mannerwhen forging the toothed segment 61. Furthermore, the positioningelements 220 can be configured as precise reference faces by suitablemachining methods such as grinding, eroding, or the like, and in termsof the shape and the arrangement be optimized as clamping faces forclamping in a clamping device, for example of clamping elements thatengage in the form-fitting manner such as the clamping elements 701,702, 703, 711, 712, or 713 according to FIGS. 26 and 27.

FIG. 30 shows an embodiment of a constructed rack 20 which has a toothedportion 21 and a second toothed portion 213 that as a shaft portion isconnected to said toothed portion 21. The toothed portion 21 and thetoothed portion 213 are connected at the joint 27 by means of frictionwelding. Both the toothed portion 21 as well as the toothed portion 213have a toothing, said toothing having been incorporated by mechanicalprocessing, for example by milling. It is likewise conceivable andpossible for a toothed portion having a milled toothing to be connectedto a forged toothed portion by means of friction welding.

FIGS. 36 and 37 show a rack produced according to the invention in afurther embodiment. The rack 2 has a toothed portion 21 which on oneside is provided with a toothing 22 which extends in the longitudinaldirection A. The rack 2 furthermore has a shaft portion 24 which in theexample shown in FIG. 41 has a thread 25 and is also referred to as thethreaded portion 24. The toothed portion 21 has a transition region 210which at the free end of the transition portion 210 comprises a reduceddiameter portion 217. The reduced diameter portion 214 has a smallerdiameter D5 than the transition portion 210 having the diameter D2. Theshaft portion 22 has a transition region 215 which at the free end ofthe transition portion 215 comprises a reduced diameter portion 216. Thereduced diameter portion 216 has a smaller diameter D4 than thetransition portion 216 having the diameter D1. The toothed portion 21and the shaft portion 22, by way of the joining faces 28 thereof, atthose ends of the reduced diameter portions 216, 217 thereof that faceone another in the axial direction are connected to one another byfriction welding in a joint 27. Material has been squeezed out in aradial manner at the joint 27 when welding, said material forming anencircling welding beads 271 having the envelope circle diameter D3.Said envelope circle diameter D3 of the welding bead 271 is smaller thanthe diameter D1 of the reduced diameter portion 216 and is smaller thanthe diameter D2 of the reduced diameter portion 214. The envelope circlediameter D3 is larger than the diameter D4 of the reduced diameterportion 216 and larger than the diameter D5 of the reduced diameterportion. Mechanical post-processing of the welding bead 217 is notrequired on account of the envelope circle diameter D3 being smallerthan the diameter is D1, D2, since the welding bead 271 in a radiallyoutward manner does not project further than the transition regions 210,215.

An alternative embodiment of a rack 2, similar to that of FIGS. 41 and42, is illustrated in a detailed view in FIG. 38. The envelope circlediameter D3 is configured so as to be larger than the diameter D5 of thereduced diameter portion 217 and the diameter D2 of the transitionportion 210. The envelope circle diameter D3 according to the inventionis smaller than the diameter D1 of the transition region 215 of theshaft portion 24. The transition region 215 of the shaft portion 24 hasthe thread 25 which in this embodiment extends across the entire lengthof the shaft portion 24. The transition region thus represents theportion of the shaft portion that is adjacent to the joint 27. Onaccount of the envelope circle diameter D3 of the welding bead 271 beingsmaller than the diameter D1 of the transition region 215, it can beachieved that the welding bead 271 does not project in an interferingradially outward manner and any additional subtractive machining of thewelding bead 271 is not required since the welding bead 271 according tothe invention in a radially outward manner does not project further thanthe transition region 215.

1.-13. (canceled)
 14. A method for producing a rack for a steering gearof a motor vehicle, the method comprising: providing a shaft rawmaterial piece having a piece length that is a multiple of a shaftsegment length; generating a coaxial thread having a thread length in adirection of a longitudinal axis, with the coaxial thread beingcontinuous in the longitudinal direction on the shaft raw material pieceacross a multiple of the thread length, to produce a threadedsemi-finished product; cutting to length a threaded shaft segment fromthe threaded semi-finished product, wherein the threaded shaft segmentis bar-shaped; providing a toothed segment that is bar-shaped; aligningthe toothed segment and the threaded shaft segment on the longitudinalaxis; and joining the threaded shaft segment to the toothed segment at ajoint.
 15. The method of claim 14 wherein the coaxial thread on theshaft raw material piece is generated by way of a continuous axialthroughput method.
 16. The method of claim 15 comprising whirling thecoaxial thread.
 17. The method of claim 14 wherein the coaxial threadhas a ball race of a ball screw drive.
 18. The method of claim 14wherein the shaft raw material piece that is provided is at least one ofhot formed, cold formed, or subtractively machined.
 19. The method ofclaim 14 wherein the shaft raw material piece that is provided is a rodor a tube.
 20. The method of claim 14 wherein the shaft raw materialpiece that is provided is a round material.
 21. The method of claim 14comprising thermally treating the shaft raw material piece prior togenerating the coaxial thread.
 22. The method of claim 14 wherein forconfiguring a joining face, the cutting to length provides an end-sideend face of the threaded shaft segment.
 23. The method of claim 14comprising welding the toothed segment and the threaded shaft segment toone another.
 24. The method of claim 14 wherein a first functionalportion of the threaded shaft segment comprises at least one of a rackportion, a threaded portion, or a connection portion.
 25. The method ofclaim 24 comprising joining a second functional portion to at least oneof the toothed segment or the threaded shaft segment.
 26. A rack for asteering gear of a motor vehicle, the rack comprising a toothed portionhaving a toothing, and a shaft portion having a thread, wherein thethread extends across an entirety of a length of the shaft portion. 27.The rack of claim 26 wherein the thread has a pitch between 5 mm and 40mm.